A couple of days earlier than Christmas in 2020, quarantined with Covid within the basement of a Hare Krishna ashram in Philadelphia, Justine Payton admitted to herself how unhealthy issues had gotten.
She was 28 years previous and had $72 to her identify, after spending years working seven days per week in a cycle of cleansing, cooking, educating, worship and promoting books on the road. She rose at 4:30 every morning and her days ended at 9:30 p.m. If she violated the house’s strict guidelines — sneaking a bit of chocolate, say — her fellow devotees would report her to their chief, whom they knew as Mangal-arti.
Ms. Payton had moved to Philadelphia to assist open the Mantra Lounge meditation middle on the behest of Mangal-arti’s “religious grasp,” Devamrita Swami, a New York-born, Yale-educated chief within the Hare Krishna motion.
The duty was an honor, she believed on the time. The motion had given her pleasure, function and group when she desperately wanted it. Now she was reaching new followers with the identical issues that first attracted her: low cost yoga and vegan meals, after which meditation, chanting, and volunteer work.
However over time, the expertise soured into one thing she would later describe as emotionally and spiritually abusive. Though she was bringing in cash for the middle by e book gross sales, she saved none of it, she stated, and had to make use of her financial savings to pay for some toiletries and different requirements.
After Mangal-arti, who had no formal medical or psychological coaching, instructed her she had borderline character dysfunction, she stated, she had begun to doubt her personal instincts about even probably the most fundamental details of her existence, doubts that mirrored Hare Krishna teachings about not counting on one’s personal feelings. (Mangal-arti, whose authorized identify is Aarti Khoda, stated in a press release to The New York Instances that she didn’t make a prognosis, however inquired whether or not Ms. Payton might need the dysfunction due to her “excessive habits.”) Ms. Payton contemplated taking her personal life. She was paranoid, lonely and really, very drained.
Ms. Payton didn’t consider herself as half of a bigger story concerning the recognition of different religious practices within the splintering non secular panorama of Twenty first-century America. She hadn’t but parsed the borderlines separating prepared self-abnegation, psychological sickness and abuse. She craved transcendence, and like an growing variety of Individuals, she didn’t discover it in Christianity or one other historic monotheistic faith.
She discovered it as an alternative in a a lot youthful motion that, for earlier generations of Individuals, conjured hippie freedom or cult conformity. For her, although, these associations have been lengthy prior to now. The Hare Krishna motion appeared to reply her deepest questions. She was a seeker, and for some time, she had discovered what she was searching for.
When she obtained sick within the first 12 months of the pandemic, nonetheless, the basement quarantine was the primary time in 5 years that she had been alone for a sustained time period. It was the primary time she had time to suppose.
She picked up the cellphone and referred to as her dad.
A Seek for Religion
Ms. Payton was raised on a leafy downtown road in an prosperous suburb of Chicago. She was near her mother and father and her three siblings. When the kids have been little, the household had dance events in the home. Ms. Payton would toss her hair round to the “Be-In” music from the musical “Hair”: “Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna,” she would sing. “Beads, flowers, freedom, happiness.”
She was baptized into the Roman Catholic Church, from which she imbibed the lesson that a big non secular establishment might have ugliness in its previous, however nonetheless do good in particular person lives. Her household later joined the United Church of Christ, a liberal Protestant denomination.
In an essay she wrote for a affirmation class in eighth grade, an expertise meant to usher her into grownup religion, she wrote that she wasn’t positive she believed in God. Ms. Payton’s highest worth on the time was independence. She moved throughout the nation for school, then took a semester off and lived in Rwanda.
She was about to depart for a study-abroad program in France when she got here down with Guillain-Barré syndrome, a dysfunction by which the physique’s immune system assaults its nerves. She was briefly paralyzed from the neck down. She had climbed Mt. Kilimanjaro, and now she lived at residence within the suburbs and couldn’t feed herself.
She turned 21 throughout her convalescence, and the novel lack of management made her query the whole lot. She started enthusiastic about what it meant to be separated from her personal bodily existence.
She learn and reread “Siddhartha,” Herman Hesse’s novel and a defining textual content of Nineteen Sixties youth tradition. The story follows a person in India in search of religious enlightenment within the time of the Buddha.
“What’s meditation?” the protagonist asks himself. “What’s leaving one’s physique? What’s fasting? What’s holding one’s breath? It’s fleeing from the self, it’s a brief escape of the agony of being a self.”
She recovered from Guillain-Barré and determined to complete her school diploma in New Zealand. There, an acquaintance handed alongside a flier for a Sunday feast at a Hare Krishna temple. Ms. Payton knew little concerning the Hare Krishna religion, past these childhood days of twirling round to music from “Hair.”
The surroundings she walked into that Sunday appeared made exactly for her. For the reason that Nineties, the motion has tried to attraction extra on to Westerners.
The Hare Krishna motion advanced from a Sixteenth-century Indian custom, and exploded as a worldwide phenomenon when a charismatic Hindu guru often called A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada arrived in the USA within the Nineteen Sixties, attracting crowds of younger individuals to Tompkins Sq. Park in Manhattan along with his chanting and his saffron robes. He referred to as the motion the Worldwide Society for Krishna Consciousness, or ISKCON.
His timing was impeccable, assembly a counterculture primed to embrace ISKCON’s practices of communal residing, ecstatic dancing and asceticism. Inside 5 years, the mantra “Hare Krishna” was in every single place: amongst throngs of devotees proselytizing in airports; in “Hair”; in a No. 1 hit music by George Harrison.
The primary wave of American followers have been principally white, however over time the motion grew to become extra Indian American and fewer high-profile. By the Eighties, it was beset by scandals, together with lawsuits over sexual abuse and accusations of “brainwashing.” Within the late Nineties, the motion’s personal official journal uncovered widespread bodily and sexual abuse of kids at Hare Krishna boarding faculties.
Some American followers nonetheless stay at ashrams — the usual type of membership within the Nineteen Sixties and ’70s — however many extra have typical properties and jobs and attend providers on weekends. A spokesman, Anuttama Dasa, estimated that ISKCON presently has roughly 100,000 absolutely initiated members world wide, and 15 million who attend conferences.
“There’s only a few Western, American individuals which might be becoming a member of the Hare Krishna motion as we speak,” stated E. Burke Rochford, a professor emeritus of faith at Middlebury Faculty who has studied the religion for many years. “Sure, they’re inquisitive about yoga and sure, meditation, however not in what ISKCON is requiring of their members.”
There’s a sense of urgency among the many growing old first technology of devotees, he stated, to recapture the creativeness of youthful white Individuals — to not push out Indian immigrants, however to protect Swami Prabhupada’s calling to achieve non-Indian younger individuals.
The middle Ms. Payton wandered into in New Zealand in 2014 was headed by an American-born guru named Devamrita Swami, who has a mission to draw “Westerners,” that means non-Indians.Devamrita Swami’s innovation was that ISKCON ought to be what the scholar Nicole Karapanagiotis has described “an edgy meditation- and mindfulness-based social membership.” As a substitute of temples with elaborate statues of Hindu deities, he opened “lofts” and “lounges” the place Hindu imagery is minimal. He inspired programming on environmental sustainability, rebranding ISKCON theology’s emphasis on giving up materials pleasures as a instrument for addressing local weather change.
“You felt like an honored visitor while you walked in there,” Ms. Payton recalled in an interview. “The entire thing was type of ethereal and fascinating.” There was a vegetarian meal, music, incense and yoga. She began attending and volunteering often, and some months later she moved into an ISKCON ashram in Wellington, New Zealand.
On the finish of 2015, Devamrita Swami inspired Ms. Payton to assist Mangal-arti begin an outreach program in Philadelphia.
Earlier than she moved there, she went to Illinois to spend just a few weeks along with her mother and father, Dean and Lisa, who had initially been accepting of her entrance into the motion. They understood that the Hare Krishna religion spoke to their daughter’s compassion, in addition to to her pursuits in local weather change and veganism. By this level, nonetheless, they have been changing into involved.
“She had misplaced her autonomy,” Mr. Payton stated. “Her tone modified, her bearing modified.”
“The place did Justine go?” Lisa Payton puzzled.
Her witty, vivacious daughter now rose at 4 within the morning to chant, and spent all her time cooking, ceremonially providing every meal to the deity Krishna earlier than permitting her household to eat. Her voice was getting softer, virtually melodic.
Lisa tried to know. Image a mountain, a pastor at her church would inform her later. God is on the prime, and Justine is on considered one of many paths up the mountain. However it felt as if her daughter’s path was main her farther and farther away from her household, and from any semblance of the life that they had imagined for her.
When Ms. Payton left for Philadelphia, she despatched her father a handwritten letter that he nonetheless retains in his pockets.
“I want you possibly can see how my coronary heart has modified, how it’s open to the world round me in an attractive manner,” she wrote. “I’m happier and extra content material than ever.”
The Mantra Lounge
In Philadelphia, Ms. Payton moved with Mangal-arti and some different devotees right into a temple, after which right into a rented home, whereas they labored to open the Mantra Lounge within the fashionable neighborhood of Fishtown.
Mangal-arti was born in Calcutta. She discovered the Hare Krishna motion in her early 20s, whereas working in a financial institution in Australia, and she or he selected Devamrita Swami as her religious grasp, a job akin to a priest or mentor. She is charismatic and bright-eyed; in video recordings of her educating, she speaks cheerfully and appears to make intense eye contact along with her listeners.
Ms. Payton stated in an interview that her psychological well being was already deteriorating badly by the point she obtained to Philadelphia. She had been raped in school, and was experiencing signs related to post-traumatic stress dysfunction.
Mangal-arti was the primary individual Ms. Payton instructed about having been raped. Ms. Payton recollects her suggesting that her ensuing struggles have been attributable to inadequate faithfulness: She wasn’t bowing deeply sufficient throughout prayers, wasn’t working onerous sufficient, and was trusting an excessive amount of in her personal instincts. Ms. Payton listened, and tried to purge herself of want and disobedience. She started overlaying her head along with her sari, as an indication of devotion.
In an initiation ceremony in 2017, she swore to abstain from “illicit intercourse,” intoxication, meat-eating and playing, and she or he obtained a brand new identify designating her as a servant of God: Gaura-bhakti.
The ceremony was normal for devotees in search of deeper dedication to the religion. What was not normal was that Ms. Payton felt that Mangal-arti was changing into a very powerful individual in her life.
Three girls who lived in the home stated that they shared personal info with Mangal-arti, solely to find that Mangal-arti later shared it with others. They stated that Mangal-arti prolonged after which withheld affection in ways in which have been emotionally manipulative. Ms. Payton would later say that Mangal-arti fostered an “ambiance of worry.”
Mr. Dasa, the spokesman for ISKCON, stated the group acted shortly to analyze Ms. Payton’s and different followers’ claims that Mangal-arti engaged in emotional abuse and manipulation.
“We under no circumstances condone” Ms. Payton’s expertise of “severe issues” on the ashram in Philadelphia, Mr. Dasa stated in an interview. “It doesn’t in any respect symbolize the standard expertise of a Krishna devotee at any of our a whole lot of temples world wide.”
Mangal-arti did encourage Ms. Payton to pursue remedy independently, which her mother and father paid for.
“Mangal-arti seemed to be the one individual whom Justine had a private relationship with, intensifying her reliance on her,” her therapist wrote in a later assertion summing up their classes.
Ms. Payton stopped seeing that therapist after lower than a 12 months. Her final session was a joint assembly with the therapist and an “intense and overbearing” Mangal-arti, in keeping with the therapist’s written account.
Different devotees reported related experiences. After assembly Mangal-arti in Canada, Shannan Mann moved into the ashram in Philadelphia with Ms. Payton and a handful of others who labored on the Mantra Lounge. Mangal-arti had a protracted record of guidelines, right down to how she ought to bathe and the way she ought to half her hair, Ms. Mann stated. Ms. Mann, too, stated Mangal-arti can be candy and maternal one second, and jealous and hostile the subsequent. (In a press release, Mangal-arti referred to as Ms. Mann’s account of her experiences “fully false and baseless”.)
Ms. Mann had identified Ms. Payton in New Zealand. In Philadelphia, she was struck by how a lot Ms. Payton’s look had modified. She had misplaced weight and develop into strikingly pale, and she or he barely spoke. She had been reworked from an individual Ms. Mann noticed as daring and inquisitive to somebody decreased to looking at Mangal-arti and “simply wanting her approval for the whole lot.”
In a press release, Mangal-arti disputed virtually each aspect of Ms. Payton’s account of her time in Philadelphia, and stated Ms. Payton appeared to have launched into a “focused marketing campaign” in opposition to her. She additionally identified that Ms. Payton typically thanked her throughout this era for her help.
Some individuals on the small ashram have been joyful. Mangal-arti supplied a number of testimonials to The Instances from individuals who hung out on the ashram in Philadelphia or who stated that they had identified Ms. Payton and Ms. Mann prior to now. All of them seem to stay concerned in ISKCON or its practices. They described Mangal-arti as beneficiant and truthful, and characterised Ms. Payton and Ms. Mann as behaving erratically on the time, and as spreading falsehoods afterward.
‘Issues Are Actually Unsuitable Right here’
Ms. Payton had been in Philadelphia for 5 years when she obtained Covid and moved into the basement of the ashram. For 3 weeks, she was on her personal, free from the grueling schedule of promoting and cooking and cleansing that had felt more and more oppressive to her. “Issues are actually incorrect right here,” she remembers pondering.
Lisa and Dean drove to Philadelphia after Christmas to retrieve their daughter, choosing her up on the curb exterior the ashram early within the morning. She had stuffed her belongings into just a few black rubbish luggage. They barely spoke as they drove again to Illinois.
Over time, she got here to see what had occurred to her in Philadelphia as abusive.
In 2021 she and three different former and aspiring devotees registered formal complaints in opposition to Mangal-arti that have been reviewed by ISKCON’s governing physique, a board that oversees the worldwide group. Among the 4 complainants, and others, additionally made complaints about Devamrita Swami’s management.
After two years, the board’s North American department dominated final 12 months that Mangal-arti should apologize in writing to Ms. Payton and the opposite Mantra Lounge group members whom she had “damage (mistreated, abused, shamed)” by her “actions and phrases,” and that she should not lead any ISKCON occasion or group for 3 years, amongst different penalties.
In her assertion, Mangal-arti described the ruling as unexpectedly accomplished solely after the The Instances contacted ISKCON management final 12 months, an accusation Mr. Dasa strongly denied. She stated the group didn’t observe up on the proof she submitted to defend herself, and that ISKCON had issued an adjudication with out an investigation.
ISKCON’s committee overseeing gurus reached a call in early Might requiring Devamrita Swami to bear training on trauma and to submit a written plan to make sure that the “unhealthy dynamics” of Mantra Lounge wouldn’t be repeated, amongst different issues. Mr. Dasa stated the group was additionally contemplating new coaching protocols “for ISKCON leaders to keep away from these issues.”
The Mantra Lounge in Philadelphia closed in 2021.
Ms. Payton has tried to begin her personal life over, enrolling in graduate faculty in North Carolina, writing about her experiences, and restoring her relationships along with her mother and father. Her boyfriend of two years just lately proposed to her in a rented geodesic dome within the mountains close to their residence.
However it will be too easy, in her view, to name hers a contented ending. She misplaced associates completely, she stays deeply ashamed, and she or he struggles with a way that she has misplaced time she is going to by no means get again.
She nonetheless finds magnificence in sure non secular texts, together with the Bhagavad Gita — though not the translations by the Hare Krishna motion’s founder. However she now not practices any faith, and stated she can not think about associating with a spiritual establishment once more.
She tries to be open to the expertise of surprise, she stated. “I feel that’s on the root of what I used to be in search of all alongside.”
Susan C. Beachy, Alain Delaquérière and Sheelagh McNeill contributed analysis.
